WHO WANTS TO BE A WINNER

KET EXAM

These are the links for you to practice the oral exam:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3zF-fRYYUOMLXBQT1F4UWxzRVk

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3zF-fRYYUOMbGV3UkZKY3JLRWs

CHAPTERS 8-9-10-11

REPORTED SPEECH EXERCISES

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1629

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?10

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/backshift.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/sentences.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/pronouns.htm
http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-exercises-on-reported-speech.html#.WJo78rLhCM8
http://www.redcamelot.com/camelot/exercises/SEPT26/Grammar/Reported%20Speech/Level%201.a.htm

Reported Speech

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. (Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell'.) If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said (that) she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said (that) she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said (that) she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said (that) she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said (that) she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said (that) she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said (that) she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said (that) she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• Direct speech: “The sky is blue”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

"Office Gossip Chapter I" English Reported Speech -

Reported Speech

PAST PASSIVE EXERCISES

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-2.html
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-59106.php
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-past

PRESENT PASSIVE EXERCISES

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-1.html
http://www.grammarbank.com/simple-present-passive.html
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/passive-voice-simplepresent1.html

PASSIVE

Passive in English

1. Passive – Use

We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action.

Example: Appointments are required in such cases.

2. Passive – Form

to be + past participle

How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:

• object of the active sentence becomes subject in the passive sentence
• subject of the active sentence becomes object in the passive sentence (or is left out)

We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.

Type of sentence	Subject	Verb	Object
Active sentence:	Peter	builds	a house.
Passive sentence:	A house	is built	by Peter.

3. Examples

3.1. Simple Present

Type of sentence	Subject	Verb	Object
Active sentence:	Peter	builds	a house.
Passive sentence:	A house	is built	by Peter.

3.2. Simple Past

Type of sentence	Subject	Verb	Object
Active sentence:	Peter	built	a house.
Passive sentence:	A house	was built	by Peter.

Practice the Passive Voice with scenes from TV shows

THE PASSIVE VOICE 1 Simple present 2 Simple past 3 Simple Future

SO-SUCH EXERCISES

http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/sosuchexercise.htm
http://www.grammar.cl/Games/So-Such.htm
https://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/236.html
http://www.my-english.edu.pl/index.php?id=61
http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-so-such-exercises.html#.WIfHIhvhDIU
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/quizzes/quiznet/quiz121.shtml

GRAMMAR: SO AND SUCH

SO-SUCH

So vs Such

English Grammar Rules

The following rules explain the difference between So and Such in English.

So … that, Such … that

We use so ... that, such ... that:

a) to show a fact (usually with a result or consequence)

• Pamela Ander's feet are big.
  (Expresses a fact).
• Pamela Ander's feet are so big that she can't find shoes her size.
  (Emphasizes that you feel strongly about the size of her feet).

b) to show extreme feelings or an opinion about something

• George Bushoff is an idiot.
  (Merely a statement of fact/opinion).
• George Bushoff is such an idiot that he doesn't even know the capital of his own country.
  (Emphasizes the speaker's opinion of the intensity of George Bushoff's idiocy).

SO with adjectives and adverbs

so + adjective/adverb + that + result

• The teacher speaks so clearly that everyone can understand her.
• The sun was so strong that they got burned within 15 minutes.

SUCH + Nouns

such + a + (adjective) + singular noun + that + result
(It is common to put an adjective before the noun)

• He is such a tight person that he even reuses his servillettes.
• Christopher is such a handsome man that all the ladies want him.
• She had such a long speech that everyone stopped paying attention to her.

such + plural/uncountable noun + that + result

• She has such big feet that she has to buy special shoes.
• Woodward Restaurant has such good food that it's always full of people.

SO / SUCH in exclamations

In exclamations we drop the word 'that' and use:

i) such + noun (singular/plural)
ii) so + adjective

• You are such an idiot! (noun)
• Celebrities have such weird tastes! (noun)
• You are so stupid! (adjective)
• It's so sunny outside! (adjective)

Such-and-such

This is used to talk about a particular type of person or thing that doesn't need to be specified. It is an unstated generic placeholder.

• People from such-and-such areas tend to be wealthy.
• If you do such-and-such a job, you will become famous.

Second conditional exercises

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2/exercises?02
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3227
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/grammar-secondconditional2.html
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/secondconditional/exercise1.swf
http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-second-conditionals-exercises.html#.WIez-NLhC1s

Second conditional

Second Conditional

Second Conditional

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

• If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
• If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
• If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
• If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.

Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)

• If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
• If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
• If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.

Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.

• If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
• If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.

The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.

• If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.
• If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.
• If you were in my position, you'd understand.

Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.

• Otto – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.
• Peter – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.
• Otto – If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.
• Peter – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.
• Otto – If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.
• Peter – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.

Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.

• If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.
• If she were coming, she would be here by now.
• If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.

CHAPTERS 4-5-6-7

KET AND PET PRACTICE

KET:

http://www.examenglish.com/KET/KET_grammar.htm

http://www.englishaula.com/en/ket-exam-reading-and-writing-cambridge-key-english-test-video-lessons-practice-tests-exercises.php

http://www.english-online.org.uk/ketfolder/kethome.php?name=Practice%20for%20the%20Key%20English%20Test

PET:

http://www.examenglish.com/PET/pet_grammar.htm

http://www.englishaula.com/en/pet-exam-cambridge-preliminary-english-test-free-video-lessons-and-exercises.php

http://www.flo-joe.co.uk/preliminaryenglish/

FIRST CONDITIONAL EXERCISES

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/grammar-firstconditional1.html
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_1_mix3.htm
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise1.swf
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise2.swf
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/firstconditional/exercise3.swf
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/1cond1.htm
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3226

FIRST CONDITIONAL GRAMMAR

First Conditional

for real possibility

If I win the lottery, I will buy a car.

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

if	condition	result
	Present Simple	will + base verb
If	it rains,	I will stay at home.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the Present Simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use will + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen.

Here are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures: [ifcondition result] and [result if condition]?):

if	condition	result
	Present Simple	will + base verb
If	I see Mary,	I will tell her.
If	Tara is free tomorrow,	he will invite her.
If	they do not pass their exam,	their teacher will be sad.
If	it rains tomorrow,	will you stay at home?
If	it rains tomorrow,	what will you do?

result	if	condition
will + base verb		Present Simple
I will tell Mary	if	I see her.
He will invite Tara	if	she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad	if	they do not pass their exam.
Will you stay at home	if	it rains tomorrow?
What will you do	if	it rains tomorrow?

First Conditional - Tutor Time (English Grammar)

Zero conditional exercises

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions1stedition/preint_unit_page/unit6/grammar/exercise2?cc=ec&selLanguage=en
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional-exercise-1.html
http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/tests/zeroconditional.html
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/0cond1.htm
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/type0/exercise1.swf
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=9927

zero conditional Grammar

Zero Conditional

for certainty

If you heat ice, it melts.

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.

Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.

if	condition	result
	Present Simple	Present Simple
If	you heat ice,	it melts.

Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the Present Simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the Present Simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result.

Look at these example sentences:

if	condition	result
	Present Simple	Present Simple
If	I miss the 8 o'clock bus,	I am late for work.
If	I am late for work,	my boss gets angry.
If	people don't eat,	they get hungry.
If	you heat ice,	does it melt?

result	if	condition
Present Simple		Present Simple
I am late for work	if	I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry	if	I am late for work.
People get hungry	if	they don't eat.
Does ice melt	if	you heat it?

Zero Conditional

Chapter 2-3